Glosses
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Format
Separate:
- segmentable morphemes within a word with '-'
- clitics with '='
- multiple meta-language elements (meanings and/or abbreviations) in a single form with '.'
Gloss lexical items in 'normal font', and all else in 'CAPITALS'
ms't e'pi-jig genn-atijig jinm-ug all woman-PL hold-3PL>4PL man-PL
'all the women are holding the men'
When glossing morphemes, please use the following order:
- verb.(mode).person
Please refer to the following default forms:
- person: animate [AN] is assumed, only gloss inanimate [IN]
- number: singular [SG] is the assumed, only gloss dual [DU] or plural [PL]
- tense: present is assumed, only gloss past [PST], future [FUT], or pluperfect [PLP]
- mode: indicative [IND] is assumed, only gloss imperative [IMP], subjunctive [SBJV] ('if...' or 'when...'), conditional [COND], subordinative [SUBV], infinitive [INF], or impersonal [IMPS]
- order: no need to gloss this as the person agreement will provide this information (i.e. VII has one inanimate argument (i.e. 0 'it...'), VAI has one animate argument (i.e. 3 's/he...'), VTI has one animate subject and an inanimate object (i.e. 2>0 'you... it') and VTA has two animate arguments (i.e. 2>3 'you... her/him'))
NOTE: person/number agreement affixes that express both subject & object agreement, '>' should be used with the subject first and the object is second (i.e. subject>object)
Terms
(following Leipzig Glossing Conventions)
| ABBREVIATION | terminology | notes |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | third person (inanimate) | |
| 1 | first person | |
| 12 | first person inclusive ('we (me & you)') | |
| 13 | first person exclusive ('we (me & another)') | |
| 2 | second person | |
| 3 | third person (proximate, i.e. 's/he') | |
| 4 | third person (obviative, i.e. 'her/his mother' | |
| ABSN | absentive | |
| ADV | adverb(ial) | |
| AN | animate | default form (assumed if animacy not indicated) |
| ANTIP | antipassive | |
| APPL | applicative | |
| BEN | benefactive | |
| CAUS | causative | |
| CLF | classifier | |
| COMP | complementizer | |
| COMPL | completive | |
| COND | conditional | |
| CONJ | conjunct | |
| COP | copula | |
| DECL | declarative | |
| DEM | demonstrative | |
| DIR | direct | |
| DIST | distal | |
| DISTR | distributive | |
| DU | dual | |
| EMPH | emphatic | |
| EXCL | exclusive | |
| EXT.PL | extended plural | (provisional term contrasting with SG, DL, PL, to mean a number equivalent of 'multitude') |
| FOC | focus | |
| FUT | future | |
| IMP | imperative | |
| IN | inanimate | |
| INCL | inclusive | |
| IND | indicative | default form (assumed if mode not indicated) |
| INF | infinitive | |
| INST | instrumental | |
| INT | intonation | |
| IPFV | imperfective | |
| IMPS | impersonal | |
| IRR | irrealis | |
| LOC | locative | |
| N- | non- | |
| NEG | negation, negative | |
| NMLZ | nominalizer, nominalization | |
| OBJ | object | |
| OBL | oblique | |
| OBV | obviative | see obviation |
| PASS | passive | |
| PFV | perfective | |
| PL | plural | |
| POSS | possessive | |
| PLP | pluperfect | |
| PRF | perfect | |
| PRES | present | default form (assumed if tense not indicated) |
| PROG | progressive | |
| PROH | prohibitive | |
| PROX | proximal, proximate | default form (assumed if 3rd person not marked as obviative) |
| PST | past | |
| PURP | purposive | |
| Q | question, question marker/particle | |
| QUOT | quotative | |
| RECP | reciprocal | |
| REFL | reflexive | |
| RES | resultative | |
| SBJV | subjunctive | |
| SG | singular | default form (assumed if number not indicated) |
| SUBJ | subject | |
| SUBV | subordinative | |
| TOP | topic | |
| VAI | intransitive verb with animate subject) | |
| VII | intransitive verb with inanimate subject) | |
| VOC | vocative | |
| VTA | transitive verb with animate subject & animate object | |
| VTI | transitive verb with animate subject & intransitive object |