Evidentiality

Evidentiality is the grammatical encoding of information source on the verb. Mi'gmaq has two markers---p(n) and -s((p)n). Mi’gmaq has two clear evidential markers—the direct and indirect marker, -p(n) and -s(n), respectively. These mark source of information, whether firsthand or non-firsthand. Whenever -p(n) is used a past tense reading applies. The indirect marker is also used in the past tense and also surfaces in future tense environments (Inglis & Johnson, 2001). The direct and indirect markers have two forms—-p, -pn and -s, -sn, respectively. Morphosyntactic constraints dictate, which form surfaces: the n is dropped word-finally except in embedded clauses (Loughran, 2012).

Direct marker

The direct marker, -p(n), always conveys a past tense interpretation. This marker is used when the speaker has direct evidence or is certain of the event he or she is uttering.

mijji- 'eat'

↓person / number→		SG	DU	PL
1	13	mijjiap	mijjieg'p	mijjultieg'p
	12		mijjigup	mijjultigup
2		mijji't'p	mijjioqop	mijjultioqop
3		mijjip	mijjipnig	mijjultipnig

Indirect marker

mijji- 'eat'

↓person / number→		SG	DU	PL
1	13	mijjiass	mijjieg's	mijjultieg's
	12		mijjigus	mijjultigus
2		mijji's'p	mijjioqoss	mijjultioqoss
3		mijjiss	mijjips'nig	mijjultips'nig