Writing Schwa
In addition to the five main vowels a, e, i, o and u, Mi'gmaq has an additional "sixth vowel". Written in the International Phonetic Alphabet, it is [ə]. When written in the Listuguj orthography, it is written with an apostrophe. However, regardless of the spelling system used, it is for the most part not written. This page describes the places where schwa is written and where it is not.
Where to Write Schwa
Schwa is written in any place where it is not predictable by rule. That is, it is written when it is said and not predicted by the writing system. The following section will detail the places where schwa is predictable and therefore not written.
Where NOT to Write Schwa
These are all the places where schwa is predictable and not included in the orthography. They are broken up by word-initial, word-medial, and word-final epenthesis or insertion rules.
Word-Initial
The general rule for word-initial schwa epenthesis is as follows:
"When a word begins with two consonants, insert a schwa before the most sonorous consonant."
In this case, the "most sonorous" consonant is the consonant that is the loudest, or pronounced closest to the way a vowel is pronounced [1]. In Mi'gmaq, the hierarchy is as follows:
vowels > l > n > m > s, p, t, g, q, gw, qw, and possibly j as well
Some examples of where to insert schwa are given in the table below (syllables marked off with dots):
| Word | Pronunciation | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| lnui'sit | əl.nu.iː.sɪt | 'he speaks the native language' |
| lmu'j | əl.muːtʃ | 'dog' |
| mlagejg | mə.la.gɛtʃk | 'milk' |
| nmu'j | ən.muːtʃ | 'dog' (alternate pronunciation) |
| mntn | mən.dən | 'mountain' |
| smtug | səm.tʊk | 'right away' |
| slaps | sə.laps | 'slab of wood' |
| snawei | sə.na.wej | 'maple tree' |
When the two consonants have the same sonority, however, the schwa is always placed before the first consonant. The following are some examples:
| Word | Pronunciation | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| sgu'l | əs.kuːl | 'school' |
| stoqon | əs.to.ɢon | 'fir tree' |
| lluigneg | əl.lu.i.gə.nɛk | 'seven' |
| tgnu | ət.kə.nu | 'sweat' |
| tqoq | ət.qoq | 'last fall' |
| ptaqan | əp.ta.ɢan | 'plate' |
| tplutaqan | ət.pə.lu.da.ɢan | 'law' |
| gsnqo'qon | ək.sən.qoː.ɢon | 'foolishness' |
Word-Medial
When two consonants appear between two vowels within a word (and are not identical consonants), the epenthesis rules are slightly different. Usually, the schwa appears between the consonants. However, this will only happen if the first consonant is lower in sonority than the second. In other words:
"When two non-identical consonants are between two vowels, insert a schwa only if the first consonant is less sonorous than the second. Otherwise, insert no schwa."
So, for example, a schwa will be inserted between q and n in the word oqnisgwa'tu, 'cover it up', so that it is pronounced [o.ɢə.nis.gʷaː.du]. However, no schwa is necessary between the s and the gw in this word since s is higher in sonority than gw. No schwa is needed in the word jiptug, 'perhaps', as well, since both consonants are of the same sonority.
Note: This rule does not work as well with respect to the sound g, which is subject to the epenthesis rules for some speakers and not for others. For example, some speakers will pronounce Mi'gmaq [miːk.maq] and others will pronounce it [miː.gə.maq].
When three or more consonants appear between two vowels (or word-initially), the schwa is generally inserted before the most sonorous, as in the word-initial cases listed above. Two examples are given below:
| Word | Pronunciation | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| tplutaqan | ət.pə.lu.da.ɢan | 'law' |
| o'plteg | oː.bəl.dɛk | 'it's not set right' |
| gmsnmuaw | gəm.sən.mu.aw | 'do not take (imperative)' |
In o'plteg, some speakers may simply replace the vowel with the l and pronounce it [oː.bl̩.dɛk]. This is very common word-finally, as in istua'latl, 'he or she turns him or her sideways', pronounced [ɪs.du.aː.la.tl̩].
For words that have many consonants in a row, it is best to pick out the most sonorous and insert a schwa before it. So, if a form like gsnqo'qon, 'foolishness', is encountered, a schwa will be inserted first before the n, giving the provisionary [k.sən.qoː.qon]. No schwa needs to be inserted between the n and the q, since n is higher in sonority than q. A further schwa is needed to break up the gs, however, so by the word-initial rules, it is inserted before the g, giving the final [ək.sən.qoː.qon].
If there is a double consonant, however, the schwa will appear after the doubled consonant, as in ennmtesg, 'it pierces', pronounced [ɛn.nəm.tɛsk]. This is occasionally written with the apostrophe in the Listuguj orthography and occasionally not.
Word-Final
When two consonants are located at the end of a word, a schwa is only inserted if the second consonant is more sonorous than the first consonant. Some examples are given below:
| Word | Pronunciation | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| sign | si.gən | 'sock, stocking' |
| tapu'gl | da.puː.gəl | 'two of them' |
If the two consonants are of equal sonority or identical, no schwa is inserted, as in the following examples:
| Word | Pronunciation | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| agnutg | a.gə.nutk | 'he or she talks about it' |
| sigu'sgw | si.guːskʷ | 'widow' |
| sgilminn | əs.gɪl.mɪnn | 'seeds' |