Verbs

Verbs are the central component of a sentence in Mi'gmaq and are made up of many different pieces of information. They contain enough information that they can represent a complete sentence, and are often the only element in a sentence. The verb shown below is composed of the parts shown and roughly corresponds to a full sentence in English.

pogjuangitelmag'p

preverb	verb root	person & number	tense
poqju	angitelm	ag'	p
'begin'	'think'	I (1) > her/him(3)	PAST
'I began to think about her/him'

This section will discuss some parts of verbs.

Verb roots

Verbs in Mi'gmaq can describe events, comparable to verbs such as in English, and the qualities of nouns, comparable to adjectives in English. Verbs that describe events include nem- 'see' and gelus- 'speak' and verbs that describe nouns include maqtaw- 'black' and ewe'g'- 'loose'. For more information see Verb stems. [Let's add more information about initials, medials & finals as we go along]

But verb roots cannot stand on their own. They minimally need to show information about the subject, and if relevant, the object.

Animacy & transitivity

Animacy is a classification of the status of a noun as animate or inanimate. This classification sometimes corresponds to the division of 'living' nouns, i.e. humans and animals, and 'non-living' nouns, i.e. chair and table. But it is often a more 'randomly' [don't like this word] assigned grammatical notion, similar to masculine (i.e. le couteau 'the knife') and feminine (i.e. la cuillère 'the spoon') nouns in French, since gmu'jmin 'raspberry' is animate, whereas a aloqoman 'grape' is inanimate. [pick a better example?]

Transitivity refers to the whether the verb has only a subject, intransitive, or has a subject and an object, transitive.

Both animacy and transitivity are important and result in a 4 way classification of verbs: intransitive verbs with an animate subject [VAI], intransitive verbs with an inanimate subject [VII}, transitive verbs with an animate subject and object [VTA], and transitive verbs with an animate subject and an inanimate object [VTI]. Verbs within each classification have different forms to encode information. Please refer to the specific pages for each classification for the details of each.

Algonquian verb classes

	Intransitive	Transitive
Animate	VAI	VTA
Inanimate	VII	VTI

Depending on which classification the verb has, person and number marking will differ.

Person & number

Person and number distinctions refer to the specific characteristics of the subject and, if present, the object. Person refers to the relationship of the people involved, the speaker, 1st person, the listener, 2nd person, or another, 3rd person. But not only animate persons are referred to, as inanimate things, 0 person, can also be referred to.

An additional distinction, shared by many Algonquian languages, is a distinction between a 3rd person, i.e. John, and a 4th person, i.e. John's brother, who is an additional 3rd person in the sentence (or even in the conversation). For more information see obviation.

person	term	gloss
1	first person	'I/me'
2	second person	'you'
3	third person (animate)	'she/her' 'he/him' 'it'
4	fourth person	'her daughter'
0	third person (inanimate)	'it'

In addition, the number of people involved is also important, such as singular, a single person, or plural, 2 or more people. Mi'gmaq makes an additional distinction between dual, 2 people, and plural, 3 or more people. As well, with 1st person plural 'we', Mi'gmaq makes a distinction between whether the dual and plural involve 1st person and the 2nd person, called inclusive, or the 1st person and a 3rd person, called the exclusive.

Below is a summary of the full list of distinctions made. For more information see Person & number.

person		singular	dual	plural
1	13	I	we (me & another)	we (me & others)
	12		we (me & you)	we (me & you-all), (me, you & another/others)
2		you	you-all	you-all
3		s/he	they (animate)	they (animate)
0		it	they (inanimate)	they (inanimate)

Mode, Tense & Negation

[We might want to split these up] 'Mode describes the speaker's attitude toward a situation, including the speaker's belief in its reality, or likelihood.' (Payne, 1997; 244) In each class, there are a variety of different mode's which can be expressed. Most of them can be expressed in different tenses, present, past, future, and/or pluperfect. For more information about tense please see Tense & Aspect. In addition, most can also be in the affirmative or the negative. Negative verb forms are preceded by mu, or ma in the future, and have a negative marking on the verb itself, i.e. -w in mu teluis-iwg 'her/his name isn't...' For more information on negation, see Negation.

Below is a table, based on Pacifique's grammar (as translated in Lesson 10 in Hewson & Francis (1990), although ), that summarizes these observations using the first conjugation of VAI (intransitive verb with animate subject) with third person subject agreement. For more information about mode, see Mode.

mode	tense	teluis- 'name'	gloss	negated form	gloss
Indicative	present	teluis-it	'her/his name is...'	mu teluis-iwg	'her/his name isn't...'
	past	teluis-iss/ip/isp	'her/his name was...'	mu teluis-iwgs'p	'her/his name wasn't...'
	future	tluis-itew	'her/his name will be...'	ma' tluis-iwg	'her/his name will not be...'
Imperative		tluis-ij	'let her/his name be...'	mu tluis-iwj	'let her/him not be named...'
'When...' (Subjunctive)	present	teluis-ijl	'when her/his name is...'	mu teluis-igwl	'when her/his name isn't...'
	past	teluis-iteg	'when her/his name was...'	mu teluis-igweg	'when her/his name wasn't...'
'If...' (Subjunctive)	present	tluis-ij	'if her/his name is...'	mu tluis-iwg	'if her/his name isn't...'
	past	tluis-iss	'if her/his name was...'	mu tluis-iwgs'p	'if her/his name wasn't...'
	pluperfect	tluis-isn	'if her/his name had been...'	mu tluis-iwgs'pn	'if her/his name hadn't been...'
Conditional	present	teluis-iss	'her/his name would be...'	mu teluis-iss	'her/his name would not be...'
	past	teluis-isoqq	'her/his name would have been...'	mu teluis-isoqq	'her/his name would not have been...'
Subordinative		wtluis-in	'that her/his name is...'

Preverbs

Gretchen go crazy!