Difference between revisions of "Verbs: Overview"

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==Mode==
 
==Mode==
−
'Mode describes the speaker's attitude toward a situation, including the speaker's belief in its reality, or likelihood.' (Payne, 1997; 244) In each class, there are a variety of different mode's which can be expressed. Most of them can be expressed in different tenses and in the affirmative or negative. Below is a table that summarizes these observations using the first conjugation of VAI with third person agreement.
+
'Mode describes the speaker's attitude toward a situation, including the speaker's belief in its reality, or likelihood.' (Payne, 1997; 244) In each class, there are a variety of different mode's which can be expressed. Most of them can be expressed in different tenses and in the affirmative or negative. Below is a table, based on Pacifique's grammar (as translated in Lesson 10 in Hewson & Francis, 1990), that summarizes these observations using the first conjugation of VAI with third person agreement.
−
 
 
  
 
{|class="wikitable"
 
{|class="wikitable"
−
! mode || tense || +/- || teluisi 'name' || gloss
+
! mode || tense || +/- || teluis- 'name' || gloss
 
|-
 
|-
 
| rowspan="6" | Indicative
 
| rowspan="6" | Indicative
 
| rowspan="2" | present
 
| rowspan="2" | present
 
| +
 
| +
−
| teluisi-t
+
| teluis-it
 
| 'her/his name is...'
 
| 'her/his name is...'
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -
 
| -
−
| mu teluisi-wk
+
| mu teluis-iwk
 
| 'her/his name isn't...'
 
| 'her/his name isn't...'
 
|-
 
|-
 
| rowspan="2" | past
 
| rowspan="2" | past
 
| +
 
| +
−
| teluisi-ss/ip/isp
+
| teluis-iss/ip/isp
 
| 'her/his name was...'
 
| 'her/his name was...'
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -
 
| -
−
| mu teluisi-wksɨp
+
| mu teluis-iwksɨp
 
| 'her/his name wasn't...'
 
| 'her/his name wasn't...'
 
|-
 
|-
 
| rowspan="2" | future
 
| rowspan="2" | future
 
| +
 
| +
−
| tluisi-tew
+
| tluis-itew
 
| 'her/his name will be...'
 
| 'her/his name will be...'
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -
 
| -
−
| ma' tluisi-wk
+
| ma' tluis-iwk
 
| 'her/his name will not be...'
 
| 'her/his name will not be...'
 
|-
 
|-
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| rowspan="2" |
 
| rowspan="2" |
 
| +
 
| +
−
| tluisi-j
+
| tluis-ij
 
| 'let her/his name be...'
 
| 'let her/his name be...'
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -
 
| -
−
| mu tluisi-wj
+
| mu tluis-iwj
 
| 'let her/him not be named...'
 
| 'let her/him not be named...'
 
|-
 
|-
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| rowspan="2"| present
 
| rowspan="2"| present
 
| +
 
| +
−
| teluisi-jl
+
| teluis-ijl
−
| 'When her/his name is...'
+
| 'when her/his name is...'
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -
 
| -
−
| mu teluisi-kwl
+
| mu teluis-ikwl
−
| 'When her/his name isn't...'
+
| 'when her/his name isn't...'
 
|-
 
|-
 
| rowspan="2"| past
 
| rowspan="2"| past
 
| +
 
| +
−
| teluisi-tek
+
| teluis-itek
−
| 'When her/his name was...'
+
| 'when her/his name was...'
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -
 
| -
−
| mu teluisi-kwek
+
| mu teluis-ikwek
−
| 'When her/his name wasn't...'
+
| 'when her/his name wasn't...'
 
|-
 
|-
 
| rowspan="6"|'If...' (Subjunctive)
 
| rowspan="6"|'If...' (Subjunctive)
 
| rowspan="2"| present
 
| rowspan="2"| present
 
| +
 
| +
−
| tluisi-j
+
| tluis-ij
−
| 'If her/his name is...'
+
| 'if her/his name is...'
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -
 
| -
−
| mu tluisi-wk
+
| mu tluis-iwk
−
| 'If her/his name isn't...'
+
| 'if her/his name isn't...'
 
|-
 
|-
 
| rowspan="2"| past
 
| rowspan="2"| past
 
| +
 
| +
−
| tluisi-ss
+
| tluis-iss
−
| 'If her/his name was...'
+
| 'if her/his name was...'
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -
 
| -
−
| mu tluisi-wksɨp
+
| mu tluis-iwksɨp
−
| 'If her/his name wasn't...'
+
| 'if her/his name wasn't...'
 
|-
 
|-
 
| rowspan="2"| pluperfect
 
| rowspan="2"| pluperfect
 
| +
 
| +
−
| tluisi-sn
+
| tluis-isn
−
| 'If her/his name had been...'
+
| 'if her/his name had been...'
 +
|-
 +
| -
 +
| mu tluis-iwksɨpn
 +
| 'if her/his name hadn't been...'
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan="4"|Conditional
 +
| rowspan="2"| present
 +
| +
 +
| teluis-iss
 +
| 'her/his name would be...'
 +
|-
 +
| -
 +
| mu teluis-iss
 +
| 'her/his name would not be...'
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan="2"| past
 +
| +
 +
| teluis-isoqq
 +
| 'her/his name would have been...'
 
|-
 
|-
 
| -
 
| -
−
| mu tluisi-wksɨpn
+
| mu teluis-isoqq
−
| 'If her/his name hadn't been...'
+
| 'her/his name would not have been...'
 +
|-
 +
| Subordinative
 +
| colspan="2"|
 +
| wtluis-in
 +
| 'that her/his name is...'
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
−
 
−
==
 

Latest revision as of 06:34, 2 May 2012

Verb classes

In Algonquian languages, verbs are classified for the number (i.e. transitive vs. intransitive) and animacy (i.e. animate vs. inanimate) of their arguments. (Bloomfield, 1946; 94-5). This gives us four main groups, shown in the table below. VAI refers to an intransitive verb with a single animate argument. VTA refers to a transitive verb with two animate arguments. VII refers to a transitive verb with an animate subject and an inanimate object; VTI refers to an intransitive verb with a single inanimate argument.

Algonquian verb classes
Intransitive Transitive
Animate VAI VTA
Inanimate VII VII


Mode

'Mode describes the speaker's attitude toward a situation, including the speaker's belief in its reality, or likelihood.' (Payne, 1997; 244) In each class, there are a variety of different mode's which can be expressed. Most of them can be expressed in different tenses and in the affirmative or negative. Below is a table, based on Pacifique's grammar (as translated in Lesson 10 in Hewson & Francis, 1990), that summarizes these observations using the first conjugation of VAI with third person agreement.

mode tense +/- teluis- 'name' gloss
Indicative present + teluis-it 'her/his name is...'
- mu teluis-iwk 'her/his name isn't...'
past + teluis-iss/ip/isp 'her/his name was...'
- mu teluis-iwksɨp 'her/his name wasn't...'
future + tluis-itew 'her/his name will be...'
- ma' tluis-iwk 'her/his name will not be...'
Imperative + tluis-ij 'let her/his name be...'
- mu tluis-iwj 'let her/him not be named...'
'When...' (Subjunctive) present + teluis-ijl 'when her/his name is...'
- mu teluis-ikwl 'when her/his name isn't...'
past + teluis-itek 'when her/his name was...'
- mu teluis-ikwek 'when her/his name wasn't...'
'If...' (Subjunctive) present + tluis-ij 'if her/his name is...'
- mu tluis-iwk 'if her/his name isn't...'
past + tluis-iss 'if her/his name was...'
- mu tluis-iwksɨp 'if her/his name wasn't...'
pluperfect + tluis-isn 'if her/his name had been...'
- mu tluis-iwksɨpn 'if her/his name hadn't been...'
Conditional present + teluis-iss 'her/his name would be...'
- mu teluis-iss 'her/his name would not be...'
past + teluis-isoqq 'her/his name would have been...'
- mu teluis-isoqq 'her/his name would not have been...'
Subordinative wtluis-in 'that her/his name is...'
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