Glosses

Format

Separate:

• segmentable morphemes within a word with '-'
• clitics with '='
• multiple meta-language elements (meanings and/or abbreviations) in a single form with '.'

Gloss lexical items in 'normal font', and all else in 'CAPITALS'

1. ms't  e'pi-jig  genn-atijig   jinm-ug  
   all   woman-PL  hold-3PL>4PL  man-PL   
   'all the women are holding the men'

When glossing morphemes, please use the following order:

• verb.(mode).person

Please refer to the following default forms:

• person: animate [AN] is assumed, only gloss inanimate [IN]
• number: singular [SG] is the assumed, only gloss dual [DU] or plural [PL]
• tense: present is assumed, only gloss past [PST], future [FUT], or pluperfect [PLP]
• mode: indicative [IND] is assumed, only gloss imperative [IMP], subjunctive [SBJV] ('if...' or 'when...'), conditional [COND], subordinative [SUBV], infinitive [INF], or impersonal [IMPS]
• order: no need to gloss this as the person agreement will provide this information (i.e. VII has one inanimate argument (i.e. 0 'it...'), VAI has one animate argument (i.e. 3 's/he...'), VTI has one animate subject and an inanimate object (i.e. 2>0 'you... it') and VTA has two animate arguments (i.e. 2>3 'you... her/him'))

NOTE: person/number agreement affixes that express both subject & object agreement, '>' should be used with the subject first and the object is second (i.e. subject>object)

Terms

(following Leipzig Glossing Conventions)

ABBREVIATION	terminology	notes
0	third person (inanimate)
1	first person
12	first person inclusive ('we (me & you)')
13	first person exclusive ('we (me & another)')
2	second person
3	third person (proximate, i.e. 's/he')
4	third person (obviative, i.e. 'her/his mother'
ABSN	absentive
ADV	adverb(ial)
AN	animate	default form (assumed if animacy not indicated)
ANTIP	antipassive
APPL	applicative
BEN	benefactive
CAUS	causative
CLF	classifier
COMP	complementizer
COMPL	completive
COND	conditional
CONJ	conjunct
COP	copula
DECL	declarative
DEM	demonstrative
DIR	direct
DIST	distal
DISTR	distributive
DU	dual
EMPH	emphatic
EXCL	exclusive
FOC	focus
FUT	future
IMP	imperative
IN	inanimate
INCL	inclusive
IND	indicative	default form (assumed if mode not indicated)
INF	infinitive
INST	instrumental
INT	intonation
IPFV	imperfective
IMPS	impersonal
IRR	irrealis
LOC	locative
N-	non-
NEG	negation, negative
NMLZ	nominalizer, nominalization
OBJ	object
OBL	oblique
OBV	obviative	see obviation
PASS	passive
PFV	perfective
PL	plural
POSS	possessive
PLP	pluperfect
PRF	perfect
PRES	present	default form (assumed if tense not indicated)
PROG	progressive
PROH	prohibitive
PROX	proximal, proximate	default form (assumed if 3rd person not marked as obviative)
PST	past
PURP	purposive
Q	question, question marker/particle
QUOT	quotative
RECP	reciprocal
REFL	reflexive
RES	resultative
SBJV	subjunctive
SG	singular	default form (assumed if number not indicated)
SUBJ	subject
SUBV	subordinative
TOP	topic
VAI	intransitive verb with animate subject)
VII	intransitive verb with inanimate subject)
VOC	vocative
VTA	transitive verb with animate subject & animate object
VTI	transitive verb with animate subject & intransitive object