W and I - Revision history

Erin: /* Lengthening */

2012-08-07T18:52:09Z

Lengthening

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:52, 7 August 2012
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	\| align="center" \| jː		\| align="center" \| jː
	\| align="center" \| [ajːa]		\| align="center" \| [ajːa]
	\| [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/m/metla%27saigl/recording1.mp3 metlasa'''i''gl]		\| [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/m/metla%27saigl/recording1.mp3 metlasa'''i'''gl]
	\| [mɛdəlasa'''jː'''gl̩]		\| [mɛdəlasa'''jː'''gl̩]
	\| 'ten dollars'		\| 'ten dollars'

Erin: /* /u/ */

2012-08-07T18:51:04Z

/u/

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:51, 7 August 2012
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	* /u/ never becomes [w] ''before'' a vowel word-medially: these are always uV(') sequences (where V stands for any vowel).		* /u/ never becomes [w] ''before'' a vowel word-medially: these are always uV(') sequences (where V stands for any vowel).
	* [[Schwa]] is never present in any sequence.		* [[Schwa]] is never present in any sequence.
	* [w] is only allowed between a short vowel and a consonant, never between a [[Sound Length\|long]] vowel and a consonant.		* [w] is only allowed between a short vowel and a consonant, ''never'' between a [[Sound Length\|long]] vowel and a consonant.

	=Processes=		=Processes=

Erin: /* /u/ */

2012-08-07T18:50:24Z

/u/

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:50, 7 August 2012
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	* At the ends of words ''after'' vowels, as in ''apt'''iw''''', 'always', pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/a/apjiw/recording1.mp3 [apd͡ʒ'''iw''']]		* At the ends of words ''after'' vowels, as in ''apt'''iw''''', 'always', pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/a/apjiw/recording1.mp3 [apd͡ʒ'''iw''']]

	An exhaustive list of the environments where /u/ becomes [w] (written in the [[Spelling\|Listuguj orthography]]) is found in the table below. Please note that the hashmark (#) stands in for both a word ''beginning'' and a word ''end''. Please also note that the ''w''s after ''g'' and ''q'' are not counted, since ''gw'' and ''qw'' are considered to be separate letters or phonemes.		An exhaustive list of the environments where /u/ becomes [w] (written in the [[Spelling\|Listuguj orthography]]) is found in the table below. Please note that the hashmark (#) stands in for both a word ''beginning'' and a word ''end''. Please also note that the ''w'' 's after ''g'' and ''q'' are not counted, since ''gw'' and ''qw'' are considered to be separate letters or phonemes.

	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

Erin: /* /u/ */

2012-08-07T18:49:59Z

/u/

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:49, 7 August 2012
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	* At the ends of words ''after'' vowels, as in ''apt'''iw''''', 'always', pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/a/apjiw/recording1.mp3 [apd͡ʒ'''iw''']]		* At the ends of words ''after'' vowels, as in ''apt'''iw''''', 'always', pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/a/apjiw/recording1.mp3 [apd͡ʒ'''iw''']]

	An exhaustive list of the environments where /u/ becomes [w] (written in the [[Spelling\|Listuguj orthography]] is found in the table below. Please note that the hashmark (#) stands in for both a word ''beginning'' and a word ''end''. Please also note that the ''w''s after ''g'' and ''q'' are not counted, since ''gw'' and ''qw'' are considered to be separate letters or phonemes.		An exhaustive list of the environments where /u/ becomes [w] (written in the [[Spelling\|Listuguj orthography]]) is found in the table below. Please note that the hashmark (#) stands in for both a word ''beginning'' and a word ''end''. Please also note that the ''w''s after ''g'' and ''q'' are not counted, since ''gw'' and ''qw'' are considered to be separate letters or phonemes.

	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

Erin: /* /u/ */

2012-08-07T18:49:23Z

/u/

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:49, 7 August 2012
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	* After a vowel and another sound:		* After a vowel and another sound:
	** ~~After~~ a vowel, as in ''m'''awe'''glulg'', 'it (inanimate) is very good', pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/m/mawiglulg/recording1.mp3 [m'''awe'''gəlul̥kʰ]]		** Before a vowel, as in ''m'''awe'''glulg'', 'it (inanimate) is very good', pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/m/mawiglulg/recording1.mp3 [m'''awe'''gəlul̥kʰ]]
	** ~~After~~ a consonant, as in ''m'''awg'''itg'', 'he or she includes it (inanimate) in a count', pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/m/mawgitg/recording1.mp3 [m'''aw̥k'''itkʰ]]		** Before a consonant, as in ''m'''awg'''itg'', 'he or she includes it (inanimate) in a count', pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/m/mawgitg/recording1.mp3 [m'''aw̥k'''itkʰ]]
	* At the beginnings of words ''before'' vowels, as in '''''we'''lp'teg'', 'it (inanimate) is nice and warm', pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/w/welp%27teg/recording1.mp3 ['''wɛ'''lbədɛkʰ]]		* At the beginnings of words ''before'' vowels, as in '''''we'''lp'teg'', 'it (inanimate) is nice and warm', pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/w/welp%27teg/recording1.mp3 ['''wɛ'''lbədɛkʰ]]
	* At the ends of words ''after'' vowels, as in ''apt'''iw''''', 'always', pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/a/apjiw/recording1.mp3 [apd͡ʒ'''iw''']]		* At the ends of words ''after'' vowels, as in ''apt'''iw''''', 'always', pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/a/apjiw/recording1.mp3 [apd͡ʒ'''iw''']]

Erin: /* /i/ */

2012-08-07T18:48:12Z

/i/

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:48, 7 August 2012
Line 7:		Line 7:
	=/i/=		=/i/=

	The phoneme /i/ becomes [j] (as in [http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/course/chapter1/ipaSOUNDS/Con-52b.AIFF [aja]] (Ladefoged 2005)) after the vowels '''/a/''' and '''/ɛ/''', as well as their long counterparts /aː/ and /ɛː/. Relevant examples (spoken examples taken from the [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/ Mi'gmaq Talking Dictionary]) are given in the table below:		The phoneme /i/ becomes [j] (as in [http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/course/chapter1/ipaSOUNDS/Con-52b.AIFF [aja]] (Ladefoged 2005)) after the vowels ''/a/'' and ''/ɛ/'', as well as their long counterparts ''/aː/'' and ''/ɛː/''. Relevant examples (spoken examples taken from the [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/ Mi'gmaq Talking Dictionary]) are given in the table below:

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"

Erin: Created page with "Mi'gmaq has two '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semivowel glides]''' (or ''semivowels''), much like English does. These glides are '''[j]''' ([[Spe..."

2012-08-07T18:47:23Z

Created page with "Mi'gmaq has two '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semivowel glides]''' (or ''semivowels''), much like English does. These glides are '''[j]''' ([[Spe..."

New page

Mi'gmaq has two '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semivowel glides]''' (or ''semivowels''), much like [[Pronunciation Differences|English]] does. These glides are '''[j]''' ([[Spelling|written]] ''i''), pronounced like English ''y'', and '''[w]''' (also written ''w''), pronounced like English ''w''. However, these two sounds (as indicated by the choice to write them in [square brackets]) are not considered individual sounds, or '''phonemes''', by researchers, but are instead considered to be specific pronunciations, or '''allophones''', of the [[vowels]] /i/ and /u/ (where /slash brackets/ indicate phonemic status).

Below are described the places or '''environments''' where the vowels become their respective glides. It will be noted that it is far more common for /u/ to become [w] than it is for /i/ to become [j].

Learners and language teachers should be aware that the sounds on this page are written in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipa International Phonetic Alphabet], or IPA. Audio examples will usually be given when a relevant sound is introduced, but not all will be present. A basic introduction to the IPA sounds of Mi'gmaq can be found on the [[Spelling]] page.

=/i/=

The phoneme /i/ becomes [j] (as in [http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/course/chapter1/ipaSOUNDS/Con-52b.AIFF [aja]] (Ladefoged 2005)) after the vowels '''/a/''' and '''/ɛ/''', as well as their long counterparts /aː/ and /ɛː/. Relevant examples (spoken examples taken from the [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/ Mi'gmaq Talking Dictionary]) are given in the table below:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ /i/ → [j]
! Environment||Example||Transcription||Translation
|-
! align="center" | a_†
| [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/e/eltaqaiaq/recording1.mp3 eltaqa'''i'''aq]
| [ɛltaχʌ'''j'''aχ]
| 'it ([[Animacy|inanimate]]) extends toward…'
|-
! align="center" | a'_
| [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/a/atla%27i/recording1.mp3 atla''''i''']
| [adəla''''j''']
| 'shirt'
|-
! align="center" | e_
| [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/a/alawei/recording1.mp3 alawe'''i''']
| [alawɛ'''j''']
| 'pea'
|-
! align="center" | e'_
| [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/t/tle%27iawig/recording1.mp3 tle''''i'''awig]
| [tl̩leː'''j'''awikʰ]
| 'it (inanimate) belongs there'
|}

† A note on notation: the underscore (_) here indicates where the /i/ would be.

=/u/=

The phoneme /u/ becomes [w] (as in [http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/course/chapter1/ipaSOUNDS/Con-73b.AIFF [awa]] (Ladefoged 2005)) in the following environments:

* After a vowel and another sound:
** After a vowel, as in ''m'''awe'''glulg'', 'it (inanimate) is very good', pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/m/mawiglulg/recording1.mp3 [m'''awe'''gəlul̥kʰ]]
** After a consonant, as in ''m'''awg'''itg'', 'he or she includes it (inanimate) in a count', pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/m/mawgitg/recording1.mp3 [m'''aw̥k'''itkʰ]]
* At the beginnings of words ''before'' vowels, as in '''''we'''lp'teg'', 'it (inanimate) is nice and warm', pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/w/welp%27teg/recording1.mp3 ['''wɛ'''lbədɛkʰ]]
* At the ends of words ''after'' vowels, as in ''apt'''iw''''', 'always', pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/a/apjiw/recording1.mp3 [apd͡ʒ'''iw''']]

An exhaustive list of the environments where /u/ becomes [w] (written in the [[Spelling|Listuguj orthography]] is found in the table below. Please note that the hashmark (#) stands in for both a word ''beginning'' and a word ''end''. Please also note that the ''w''s after ''g'' and ''q'' are not counted, since ''gw'' and ''qw'' are considered to be separate letters or phonemes.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Environments where /u/ → [w]
! scope="col" | Word-Initially
! scope="col" colspan="5" | Word-Medially
! scope="col" | Word-Finally
|-
| #wa(')
| a(')wa(')
| e(')wa(')
| i(')wa(')
| owa(')
| uwa
| a(')w#
|-
| #we(')
| a(')we(')
| e(')we(')
| iwe(')
| o(')we(')
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| e(')w#
|-
| #wi(')
| a(')wi(')
| e(')wi(')
| iwi
| owi(')
| uwi'
| i(')w#
|-
| #wo(')
| awo(')
| e(')wo(')
| iwo
| owo(')
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| ow#
|-
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| awu
| e(')wu(')
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
|-
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| awp
| ewp
| iwp
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
|-
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| awt
| ewt
| iwt
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
|-
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| awg
| ewg
| iwg
| owg
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
|-
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| awgw
| ewgw
| iwgw
| owgw
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
|-
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| awq
| ewq
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
|-
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| ewqw
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
|-
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| aws
| ews
| iws
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
|-
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| awj
| ewj
| iwj
| owj
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
|-
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| ewm
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| owm
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
|-
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| awn
| ewn
| iwn
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
|-
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| awl
| ewl
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
| style="background: grey; color: white" |
|}

The following patterns can be noticed in the table above:

* /u/ never becomes [w] ''before'' a vowel word-medially: these are always uV(') sequences (where V stands for any vowel).
* [[Schwa]] is never present in any sequence.
* [w] is only allowed between a short vowel and a consonant, never between a [[Sound Length|long]] vowel and a consonant.

=Processes=

Although [j] and [w] are ultimately vowels, they behave like other [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonorant sonorant] [[consonants]] in Mi'gmaq. That is, they are subject to the same processes as the other sonorants, such as '''devoicing''' and '''lengthening''', described below. They are, however, barred from being [[Syllables#Syllabic Sonorants|syllabic]] - their vowel counterparts are found in that position.

==Devoicing==

''Main page: [[Obstruents#Devoicing|Devoicing]]

Like other sonorants, [w] and [j] are able to be '''devoiced''' when located before [[obstruents]]. Some examples are given below:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Devoiced Glides
! Glide||Allophone||Pronunciation||Example||Transcription||Translation
|-
! align="center" | j
| align="center" | j̊
| align="center" | [aj̊a]
| [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/s/seitun/recording1.mp3 se'''i'''tun]
| [se'''j̊'''tun]
| 'blabbermouth'
|-
! align="center" | w
| align="center" | w̥
| align="center" | [aw̥a]
| [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/a/anawtig/recording1.mp3 ana'''w'''tig]
| [ana'''w̥'''tikʰ]
| 'it is inexpensive'
|}

==Lengthening==

''Main page: [[Sound Length]]''

Sonorants (including glides) may also be optionally '''lengthened''' when located between a vowel and another consonant (usually described as being in a [[Syllables|syllable]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable_coda#Coda coda]). This lengthening is ''not'' the same as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geminate gemination] - a second sonorant will ''not'' appear in the [[spelling]] of the word as it does in ''wigatignn'', 'books'.

The lengthened sonorants may also be subject to [[W and I#Devoicing|devoicing]], depending on whether the following consonant is a sonorant or an [[Obstruents|obstruent]]. Examples of the lengthened glides, both voiced and devoiced, are given in the table below:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Lengthened Glides
! Glide||Allophone||Pronunciation||Example||Transcription||Translation
|-
! align="center" rowspan="2" | j
| align="center" | jː
| align="center" | [ajːa]
| [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/m/metla%27saigl/recording1.mp3 metlasa'''i''gl]
| [mɛdəlasa'''jː'''gl̩]
| 'ten dollars'
|-
| align="center" | j̊ː
| align="center" | [aj̊ːa]
| [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/e/eig/recording1.mp3 e'''i'''g]
| [e'''j̊ː'''kʰ]
| 'he or she is present'
|-
! align="center" rowspan="2" | w
| align="center" | wː
| align="center" | [awːa]
| [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/e/elawlet/recording1.mp3 ela'''w'''let]
| [ɛla'''wː'''lɛtʰ]
| 'he or she lugs something toward on back'
|-
| align="center" | w̥ː
| align="center" | [aw̥ːa]
| [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/m/mawgamit/recording1.mp3 ma'''w'''gamit]
| [ma'''w̥ː'''kamitʰ]
| 'he or she is the fattest'
|}

=References=
* Ladefoged, Peter. 2006. ''A Course in Phonetics''. 5th ed. Boston: Thomson Higher Education.
* [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/ Mi'gmaq Talking Dictionary]