Consonants - Revision history

Erin: /* Voicing */

2012-08-06T19:04:42Z

Voicing

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	Sometimes this also happens near sonorants: that is, obstruents will be voiced near sonorants. This is apparent in the word ''amjaqamu'g'', 'it has mixed colours', where the ''j'' is pronounced [d͡ʒ] even though it is not between vowels (pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/a/amjaqamu%27g/recording1.mp3 [am'''d͡ʒ'''aħ̬amuːkʷʰ]]).		Sometimes this also happens near sonorants: that is, obstruents will be voiced near sonorants. This is apparent in the word ''amjaqamu'g'', 'it has mixed colours', where the ''j'' is pronounced [d͡ʒ] even though it is not between vowels (pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/a/amjaqamu%27g/recording1.mp3 [am'''d͡ʒ'''aħ̬amuːkʷʰ]]).

	† An asterisk (*) indicates that the pronunciation that follows is not correct or ill-formed in Mi'gmaq.		† An asterisk (*) indicates that the pronunciation that follows is not correct or is ill-formed in Mi'gmaq.

	===Devoicing===		===Devoicing===

Erin: /* Voicing */

2012-08-06T19:04:28Z

Voicing

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	===Voicing===		===Voicing===

	When an obstruent is located between two vowels, it will usually be '''voiced''', or pronounced with vocal chord vibrations (the best way to observe this is to say a long ''s'' followed by a long ''z'' while keeping your hand on your throat - you'll notice nothing happens when you say the ''s'', but that your throat buzzes when you say the ''z''). So, for example, a word like ''apita't'', 'he or she gets bloated' will not be pronounced *[apitaːtʰ] but instead [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/a/apita%27t/recording1.mp3 [a'''b'''i'''d'''aːtʰ]].		When an obstruent is located between two vowels, it will usually be '''voiced''', or pronounced with vocal chord vibrations (the best way to observe this is to say a long ''s'' followed by a long ''z'' while keeping your hand on your throat - you'll notice nothing happens when you say the ''s'', but that your throat buzzes when you say the ''z''). So, for example, a word like ''apita't'', 'he or she gets bloated' will not be pronounced *[apitaːtʰ]† but instead [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/a/apita%27t/recording1.mp3 [a'''b'''i'''d'''aːtʰ]].

	Sometimes this also happens near sonorants: that is, obstruents will be voiced near sonorants. This is apparent in the word ''amjaqamu'g'', 'it has mixed colours', where the ''j'' is pronounced [d͡ʒ] even though it is not between vowels (pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/a/amjaqamu%27g/recording1.mp3 [am'''d͡ʒ'''aħ̬amuːkʷʰ]]).		Sometimes this also happens near sonorants: that is, obstruents will be voiced near sonorants. This is apparent in the word ''amjaqamu'g'', 'it has mixed colours', where the ''j'' is pronounced [d͡ʒ] even though it is not between vowels (pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/a/amjaqamu%27g/recording1.mp3 [am'''d͡ʒ'''aħ̬amuːkʷʰ]]).

			† An asterisk (*) indicates that the pronunciation that follows is not correct or ill-formed in Mi'gmaq.

	===Devoicing===		===Devoicing===

Erin: /* Obstruents */

2012-08-06T19:02:53Z

Obstruents

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	''Main page: [[Obstruents]]''		''Main page: [[Obstruents]]''

	The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstruent obstruents] of Mi'gmaq (/p/, /t/, /k/, /q/, /kʷ/, /qʷ/, /s/ and /t͡ʃ/) all have two alternate pronunciations when in contact with different sounds (or lack thereof). These pronunciations are derived by '''voicing''' and '''aspiration''' rules. Furthermore, the obstruents also sometimes cause '''devoicing''' in neighbouring [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonorant sonorants] (/m/, /n/, /l/, and ~~the~~ [[Consonants#Forming_Glides\|[w] and [j]]]). These three will be briefly introduced below.		The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstruent obstruents] of Mi'gmaq (/p/, /t/, /k/, /q/, /kʷ/, /qʷ/, /s/ and /t͡ʃ/) all have two alternate pronunciations when in contact with different sounds (or lack thereof). These pronunciations are derived by '''voicing''' and '''aspiration''' rules. Furthermore, the obstruents also sometimes cause '''devoicing''' in neighbouring [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonorant sonorants] (/m/, /n/, /l/, and [[Consonants#Forming_Glides\|[w] and [j]]]). These three will be briefly introduced below.

	===Voicing===		===Voicing===

Erin: /* Voicing */

2012-08-06T19:01:52Z

Voicing

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:01, 6 August 2012
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	When an obstruent is located between two vowels, it will usually be '''voiced''', or pronounced with vocal chord vibrations (the best way to observe this is to say a long ''s'' followed by a long ''z'' while keeping your hand on your throat - you'll notice nothing happens when you say the ''s'', but that your throat buzzes when you say the ''z''). So, for example, a word like ''apita't'', 'he or she gets bloated' will not be pronounced *[apitaːtʰ] but instead [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/a/apita%27t/recording1.mp3 [a'''b'''i'''d'''aːtʰ]].		When an obstruent is located between two vowels, it will usually be '''voiced''', or pronounced with vocal chord vibrations (the best way to observe this is to say a long ''s'' followed by a long ''z'' while keeping your hand on your throat - you'll notice nothing happens when you say the ''s'', but that your throat buzzes when you say the ''z''). So, for example, a word like ''apita't'', 'he or she gets bloated' will not be pronounced *[apitaːtʰ] but instead [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/a/apita%27t/recording1.mp3 [a'''b'''i'''d'''aːtʰ]].

	Sometimes this also happens near sonorants: that is, obstruents will be voiced near sonorants. This is apparent in the word ''amjaqamu'g'', 'it has mixed colours', where the ''j'' is pronounced [d͡ʒ] even though it is not between vowels ([http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/a/amjaqamu%27g/recording1.mp3 ~~listen~~]).		Sometimes this also happens near sonorants: that is, obstruents will be voiced near sonorants. This is apparent in the word ''amjaqamu'g'', 'it has mixed colours', where the ''j'' is pronounced [d͡ʒ] even though it is not between vowels (pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/a/amjaqamu%27g/recording1.mp3 [am'''d͡ʒ'''aħ̬amuːkʷʰ]]).

	===Devoicing===		===Devoicing===

Erin: /* Forming Glides */

2012-08-06T18:57:12Z

Forming Glides

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	''Main page: [[W and I]]''		''Main page: [[W and I]]''

	When reading written Mi'gmaq out loud, it may be noticed that sometimes the letter ''i'' is actually pronounced more like the English letter ''y'' (spelled in IPA as [j]). This usually happens when /i/ is located after the [[Vowels\|vowels]] /a/ and /e/, as in ''~~gesigwewei~~'' (pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/g/gesigewei/recording1.mp3 [kɛsigɛwɛ'''j''']]), 'associated with winter'. In this way, we can say that [j] is just an allophone of /i/.		When reading written Mi'gmaq out loud, it may be noticed that sometimes the letter ''i'' is actually pronounced more like the English letter ''y'' (spelled in IPA as [j]). This usually happens when /i/ is located after the [[Vowels\|vowels]] /a/ and /e/, as in ''gesigwewe'''i''' '' (pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/g/gesigewei/recording1.mp3 [kɛsigɛwɛ'''j''']]), 'associated with winter'. In this way, we can say that [j] is just an allophone of /i/.

	Similarly, what is spelled as ''w'' can also be said to come from /u/ in similar circumstances (except when following ''g'' and ''q'', since ''gw'' and ''qw'' are the spellings of /kʷ/ and /qʷ/, respectively). In this case, [w] appears:		Similarly, what is spelled as ''w'' can also be said to come from /u/ in similar circumstances (except when following ''g'' and ''q'', since ''gw'' and ''qw'' are the spellings of /kʷ/ and /qʷ/, respectively). In this case, [w] appears:

	* Between vowels, as in ''~~giwasg~~'' (pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/g/giwasg/recording1.mp3 [~~kiwaskʰ~~]]), 'heat lightning'		* Between vowels, as in ''gi'''w'''asg'' (pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/g/giwasg/recording1.mp3 [ki'''w'''askʰ]]), 'heat lightning'
	* At the beginnings of words before vowels, as in ''~~welp~~'teg'' (pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/w/welp%27teg/recording1.mp3 [~~wɛlpədɛkʰ~~]]), 'it (inanimate) is nice and warm'		* At the beginnings of words before vowels, as in '' '''w'''elp'teg'' (pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/w/welp%27teg/recording1.mp3 ['''w'''ɛlpədɛkʰ]]), 'it (inanimate) is nice and warm'
	* At the ends of words after vowels, as in ''te'~~sipow~~'' (pronounced http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/t/te%27sipow/recording1.mp3 [~~tɛːsibow~~]]), 'horse'		* At the ends of words after vowels, as in ''te'sipo'''w''' '' (pronounced http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/t/te%27sipow/recording1.mp3 [tɛːsibo'''w''']]), 'horse'

	These allophones, [j] and [w], are known as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glide_%28linguistics%29 glides] or semivowels.		These allophones, [j] and [w], are known as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glide_%28linguistics%29 glides] or semivowels.

Erin: /* Consonant Inventory */

2012-08-02T17:16:14Z

Consonant Inventory

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	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\| [[~~The~~ Phonemic Status of J\|t͡ʃ]]†		\| [[Phonemic Status of J\|t͡ʃ]]†
	\|		\|
	\|		\|

Erin: /* /k/ and /q/ */

2012-08-02T16:58:29Z

/k/ and /q/

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	==/k/ and /q/==		==/k/ and /q/==

	''Main page: [[Relating G ~~and~~ Q]]''		''Main page: [[Relating G with Q]]''

	Although /k/ and /q/ are separate phonemes (as listed in the table above), there are times when /k/ will become /q/ (what phonologists may refer to as '''backing'''). This usually happens after the [[Vowels\|vowels]] /a/ and /o/, as in words like ''ap'''aq'''t'' (pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/a/apaqt/recording1.mp3 [ab'''aq'''tʰ]]), 'sea' and ''etl'''oq'''teg'' (pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/e/etloqteg/recording1.mp3 [ɛdəl'''ɔq͡χ'''tɛkʰ]]), 'cooking'. It's most obvious when forming the [[Plural Nouns\|plural]] of [[Animacy\|animates]]. The plural, normally /-k/, becomes /-q/ after the /a/ that sometimes shows up between an animate noun and the plural ending, as shown in the following example:		Although /k/ and /q/ are separate phonemes (as listed in the table above), there are times when /k/ will become /q/ (what phonologists may refer to as '''backing'''). This usually happens after the [[Vowels\|vowels]] /a/ and /o/, as in words like ''ap'''aq'''t'' (pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/a/apaqt/recording1.mp3 [ab'''aq'''tʰ]]), 'sea' and ''etl'''oq'''teg'' (pronounced [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/words-mp3/media/e/etloqteg/recording1.mp3 [ɛdəl'''ɔq͡χ'''tɛkʰ]]), 'cooking'. It's most obvious when forming the [[Plural Nouns\|plural]] of [[Animacy\|animates]]. The plural, normally /-k/, becomes /-q/ after the /a/ that sometimes shows up between an animate noun and the plural ending, as shown in the following example:

Erin: /* Consonant Inventory */

2012-08-02T16:56:41Z

Consonant Inventory

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	\| k		\| k
	\| [[Relating G and Q with GW and QW\|kʷ]]		\| [[Relating G and Q with GW and QW\|kʷ]]
	\| [[Relating G ~~and~~ Q\|q]]		\| [[Relating G with Q\|q]]
	\| [[Relating G and Q with GW and QW\|qʷ]]		\| [[Relating G and Q with GW and QW\|qʷ]]
	\|-		\|-

Erin: /* Variations in Pronunciation of /q/ and /qʷ/ */

2012-07-27T20:34:37Z

Variations in Pronunciation of /q/ and /qʷ/

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	==Variations in Pronunciation of /q/ and /qʷ/==		==Variations in Pronunciation of /q/ and /qʷ/==

	''Main page: [[~~Pronunciations~~ of Q]]''		''Main page: [[Pronunciation of Q]]''

	It may be noticed in the discussions above that /q/ and /qʷ/ have a variety of different pronunciations, indicated by the different allophones used to describe them. Speakers vary in which allophones they will use. In addition, they also vary in whether /q/ and /qʷ/ display the regular phenomena of [[Consonants#Obstruents\|obstruents]] or not. A list of the most common is given below:		It may be noticed in the discussions above that /q/ and /qʷ/ have a variety of different pronunciations, indicated by the different allophones used to describe them. Speakers vary in which allophones they will use. In addition, they also vary in whether /q/ and /qʷ/ display the regular phenomena of [[Consonants#Obstruents\|obstruents]] or not. A list of the most common is given below:

Erin: /* References */

2012-07-27T20:29:36Z

References

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	=References=		=References=
	* Bragg, Russel A. (1976). Some Aspects of the Phonology of Newfoundland Micmac. Masters' Thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland		* Bragg, Russel A. (1976). ''Some Aspects of the Phonology of Newfoundland Micmac''. Masters' Thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland
	* Fidelholz, James Lawrence (1963). Micmac Morphophonemics PhD. Dissertation, Massechusetts Institute of Technology		* Fidelholz, James Lawrence (1963). ''Micmac Morphophonemics''. PhD. Dissertation, Massechusetts Institute of Technology
	* Gussenhoven, Carlos and Haike Jacobs (2005). Understanding Phonology 2nd ed. London: Hodder Education		* Gussenhoven, Carlos and Haike Jacobs (2005). ''Understanding Phonology''. 2nd ed. London: Hodder Education
	* Ladefoged, Peter. 2006. A Course in Phonetics. 5th ed. Boston: Thomson Higher Education.		* Ladefoged, Peter. 2006. ''A Course in Phonetics''. 5th ed. Boston: Thomson Higher Education.
	* [http://migmaq.org/sound-patterns-of-migmaq-g-and-q/ Quinn, Conor (2012), "Sound patterns of Mi'gmaq: g and q" Mi'gmaq: language and linguistics]		* [http://migmaq.org/sound-patterns-of-migmaq-g-and-q/ Quinn, Conor (2012), "Sound patterns of Mi'gmaq: g and q" ''Mi'gmaq: language and linguistics'']
	* [http://migmaq.org/sound-patterns-of-migmaq-gw-and-u/ Quinn, Conor (2012), "Sound patterns of Mi'gmaq: gw and u" Mi'gmaq: language and linguistics]		* [http://migmaq.org/sound-patterns-of-migmaq-gw-and-u/ Quinn, Conor (2012), "Sound patterns of Mi'gmaq: gw and u" ''Mi'gmaq: language and linguistics'']
	* [http://migmaq.org/sound-patterns-of-migmaq-l-and-n/ Quinn, Conor (2012), "Sound patterns of Mi'gmaq: l and n" Mi'gmaq: language & linguistics]		* [http://migmaq.org/sound-patterns-of-migmaq-l-and-n/ Quinn, Conor (2012), "Sound patterns of Mi'gmaq: l and n" ''Mi'gmaq: language & linguistics'']
	* [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/ Mi'gmaq Talking Dictionary]		* [http://www.mikmaqonline.org/ Mi'gmaq Talking Dictionary]